Resume Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Resume - Assignment Example duated with a master’s degree in business administration and am highly competent to undertake the roles and responsibilities expected from an office manager. I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills; have proven leadership and conflict negotiation skills from the length of service working as an engineer. I possess commendable work ethics with manifested talent in problem-solving and in decision-making, within the scope of responsibilities. I have had extensive training and experience in undertaking the functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling teams of subordinates from one’s work experiences. Finally, I can easily adapt and adjust to different work environments and value conformity to an organization’s code of discipline and adherence to ethical behavior. I am very much interested to becoming an instrumental part of your organization’s further growth and development. I assure you that the working relationship would be symbiotic and mutually beneficial. I am hereby including my resume for your perusal. I could be reached at any of the stipulated contact numbers indicated therein. I would be looking forward to hearing from you soon. OBJECTIVE To work in a global organization that uses both my education and experience for the application of managerial expertise, as well as research and development of new products relating to renewable resources. Thank you so much for the opportunity that you have accorded me during the scheduled interview yesterday, 31 August 2012. It was very illuminating that the candidate for the position of an office manager for your headquarters office would be given challenging responsibilities that range from managing, not only a diversely creative and innovative team, but also the chance to contribute one’s knowledge on designing, inspecting, and materials testing of the organization’s products to ensure quality at all stages of manufacturing, of which I am most capable of. I was advised by

Apple and employee motivation Essay Example for Free

Apple and employee motivation Essay Ideally, Apple wants to have a workplace that fosters creativity from all the employees. Apple combines extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in order to empower their employees to be innovative. There are numerous methods Apple employs to motivate its employees. Once, Apple rewarded its executives by giving them a recognition bonus of 3 to 5 percent of their base salary. This motivating incentive occurred despite the fact that they recently missed their target on a project. This implies that Apple upper management empathized with the groups efforts. Another motivating incentive is the discount on products that all Apple employees receive. Employees who work at corporate Apple can receive a free iPhone or iPod Shuffle. Giving products to employees rather than money can be a better an effective motivator because many Apple employees are simply motivated to see the end results of their efforts. It is also typically cheaper to give the employees products rather than a raise. Recently, Apple has given employees more vacation days due to the companys strong performance in product sales. These are all extrinsic examples of how Apple motivates its employees. Employee motivation also stems from the corporate culture. Most Apple employees are heavily committed to their work and can be described enjoying monotonous encoding. Perhaps it is even insightful to look at what intrinsic forces were driving Steve Jobs. Jobs Stanford commencement speech indicates that he knew he had a limited time on Earth and this motivated him to follow his heart and pursue his passion. His ultimate motivation for creating innovative products was not based around profit but what would he would personally want to have.

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation Essay -- Employment Managemen

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how motivation is instilled in the workplace with co-workers and oneself. In addition, objects that make the job satisfying will be discussed. Body Motivation is something that can come and go in an instant. The workplace often can be a fun and enjoyable place, but other times it can be the pit of hell. Not only do most of us cope with stress, fatigue, mental and physical anguish, but we must also complete the mission that is set forth for us. Motivation is delivered in many different ways. Each person may be different, but sometimes we share the same types of motivation with others. A soldiers motivation usually starts when he or she enlists, as this is a voluntary action they have taken, were they motivated by pride, anger, or even a sense of wanting a larger family. We may never know all the answers, but we can see how they are motivated. Early on as a soldier each person must go through basic training. This basic training is used to teach new recruits some of the basic things to keep them alive. The new soldiers learn skills from the common skills manuals. The manual contains critical common tasks that support unit wartime missions. Some of the skills that are trained are first aid, how to employ land mines, patrolling, basic marksmanship, different weapons, communication, survival techniques, land navigation, crowd control, protect against a nuclear biological chemical attack, customs and laws of war, and handling remains. No matter what the task or skill it is essential that each person have a buddy. These buddies are your motivation; they are your friends, your confidant. Often times a group of so... ... Conclusion As can be seen people get motivated from many different things. Friends can be motivation, money, personal pride, religion and even life itself. No matter where one gets their motivation, it is a constant battle to find how we can motivate everyone. As leaders in today's society we often struggle finding that one thing that can motivate even one person. When we are motivated it can also motivate others to join in. Motivation is not only a key part of making business and the world successful, it also fuels the way to new ideas and innovations. Job satisfaction can be found in very subtle ways or even extreme. I find it in both; I am very happy with the pay and enjoy the change of scenery week by week.

Evidence Based Practice Essay

Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Rosemary Garcia Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Evidence Based Practice Nursing is the utilization by nurses of Evidence Based Research findings that, according to Houser (2012), steer the nurse toward integration of clinical expert opinion and experience with an unbiased exhaustive review of the best scientific evidence professional nursing care literature can provide while incorporating patient values and preferences. Evidence Based Practice Nursing entails adopting a systematic critical thinking decision making process guided by a deliberate and defined chosen Evidence Based Nursing model path that involves searching, appraising, synthesizing, adapting, implementing, and continually evaluating the Evidence Based Research findings implemented. Among these models are the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, and the Iowa Model for Research in Practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Evidence Based Research on nursing practice by defining Evidence Based Practice Nursing, directing attention to the importance of Evidence Based Research, briefly reviewing examples of qualitative and quantitative research and finally identifying some ways to overcome barriers that prevent nurse participation and utilization of Evidence Based Research. Importance of Evidence Based Research Evidence Based Research is important because it provides nurses with â€Å"actual knowledge of elements of practice that have been known to work† according to R. Simpson (2004). Evidence Based Practice Nursing is based on a disciplined methodological decision making process in which nurses continually ask for Evidence Based Research to support their actions and consistently weigh the validity and reliability of activities of each day. The Evidence Based Practice Nurse also plans for change according to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999). Evidence Based Research findings come through  two proven methods, namely qualitative and quantitative research. Systematic reviews summarize and succinctly abstract findings from multiple studies and compile them into useable condensed formats for quicker study and review. A systematic review that includes a meta-analysis draws findings from multiple studies, recalculates the results to arrive at a new finding thus compounding its validity and re liability. The utilization of Evidence Based Research directly and positively improves nursing practice when the findings are implemented. Research Examples The following two examples of Evidence Based Research show how implementation impacts nursing practice. Nursing homes promote their quality of care using analyses and marketing strategies to influence public perception and attract business. How a nursing home addresses the phenomena of palliative care and the prevalence of pressure ulcers affects that perception. A nursing home may presume to have high quality of care because of high score on the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator and promote such a score. Similarly, how a nurse responds to a resident in palliative care also reflects on quality of care. Evidence Based Research of these two phenomena helps improve nursing practice in this arena. A nurse in a long term care facility that provides palliative care may be called upon to respond to a resident who may be struggling with issues of regret for life events and feel a need for forgiveness. A retrospective study by Ferrel, Otis-Green, Baird, and Garcia, (2013) through a convenience sample of 339 nurses attending palliative care educational courses throughout the U.S. and Belize, India, the Philippines and Romania sought to assess nurses’ responses to this issue. Since the purpose was to document the viewpoints and feelings, a descriptive qualitative research design using the phenomenology method was appropriate. The data was examined using content analysis and themes were identified. By focusing on nurses from a broad geographical base who were attending palliative care classes, the researches maximized the potential for gathering relevant data and enhanced transferability and validity through this convenience sample. They also minimized inherent cultural bias that could have potentially arisen if the sample had been solely from one country or region. The conclusion was that nurses would benefit from additional education regarding  how best to address these con cerns. Implementing these Evidence Based Research findings helps improve nursing practice. As noted earlier, the prevalence of pressure ulcers, their prevention and treatment is a common dilemma in a long term setting and nursing homes want to demonstrate success in this area as part of the quality of care. One method used to identify and monitor pressure ulcers is the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator. Bates-Jensen et al (2003) in a quantitative research descriptive study sought to determine whether the minimum data sheet pressure ulcer indicator of a high or low score reflected differences in processes related to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. The convenience sample consisted of 321 residents from 16 different nursing homes. The resident had to be at risk for pressure ulcer development using the PU Residential Assessment Protocol of the MDS to meet the criteria for inclusion. This was a quantitative study designed to collect numerical data by measuring 16 care process quality indicators (10 related to PU care processes, five related to nutrition and one related to incontinence management) using medical record data, direct human observation, interviews and data from wireless thigh movement monitors. The statistical data results revealed that the MDS PU indicator was not a useful indicator of quality of care and could be misinterpreted if not explained. Family members who are considering long term care benefit from this research and in a facility that might have mistakenly interpreted the meaning of the MDS PU indicator, Evidence Based Practice Nursing would implement corrective measures regarding future use of the scores and thus bring about an improved change. Barriers Preventing Research Utilization Nursing improves when Evidence Based Research findings can be utilized and implemented by nurses in their daily practice. J. Dracup (2006) stated what some nurses had identified as barriers to Evidence Based Research, namely: â€Å"accessibility of research findings, anticipated outcomes of using research, organizational support to use research, and support from others to use research.† Dracup believed that â€Å"evidence-based practice must include an assessment of the available resources† since the cost of implementation is yet another barrier and â€Å"will not be adopted if resources are insufficient to incorporate them into the daily routine† nursing care. G. Mitchell  (1999) raised â€Å" the lack of sufficient meaningful research† as an additional barrier. A multidisciplinary effort by researchers and educators of all fields will be required to work toward the removal of these barriers. Collaborate to provide a more efficient system of information dissemination must take place. Systematic reviews, sometimes combined with meta-analysis, already advance the cause of having multiple sources of research data condensed to a useable quickly reviewable format. One possible way that nurses could gain access to Evidence Based Research through the Cochrane Library, for example, is by way of grants to school districts and local libraries allowing free or low cost subsidized access. After obtaining this access and recognizing nurses’ research time restraints, the formation of high school clubs like â€Å"Cochrane Library Scholars† would allow nurses to pose Research Questions to the club who would in turn compile relevant research articles for the nurse. Similar clubs could be â€Å"AHRQ Research Scholars† and â€Å"Campbell Library Scholars.† Since addressing the barrier of cost of Evidence Based Research implementation is equally important., to purposefully draw community leaders’ attention to the Evidence Based Research available at their local library, create a logo such as â€Å"LIBR[LIBRARY]ARY† with the slogan â€Å"A Library within A Library.† By raising awareness of the benefits of Evidence Based Research of public and private pivotal decision makers, these individuals could prove instrumental in helping to identify and acquire the resources needed to implement Evidence Based Research within their sphere of influence. By opening avenues to Evidence Based Research findings through local libraries, engaging students as researchers and raising community awareness, more nurses could gain knowledge that translates into Evidence Based Practice Nursing. Participants would be engaged in raising the quality of care within their own communities. Raising widespread awareness of the importance and value of Evidence Based Research could be the catalyst that propels groups to collectively seek resources for implementation of Evidence Based Practice in communities across the nation. Conclusion Evidence Based Research impacts Evidence Based Practice Nursing if it is utilized. A deliberate effort to promote the understanding of its importance combined with taking measures to remove barriers that prevent  nurses from using Evidence Based Research findings will impact, improve, and ensure the best possible nursing practice. References Bates-Jensen, B.M., Cadogan, M., Osterwell D., Levy-Storms L, Jorge, J., Alsamarrai, N., Grbic, V. & Schnelle, J.F. (2003) The Minimum Data Set Pressure Ulcer Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment in Nursing Homes? Journal of American Geriatric Society, 51(9). DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51403.x Dracup, J. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice is Wonderful †¦ Sort Of, American Journal of Critical Care. 15(4) Ferrel, B., Otis-Green, S, Baird, R.P., & Garcia, A. (2013). Nurses’ Responses to Requests for Forgiveness at the End of Life. Journal of Pain System Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.009 Houser, J. (2012). Nursing Research: reading, using, and creating evidence. (2nd ed.). Salisbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Publishing Mitchell, G. (1999). Evidence-based practice: Critique and alternative view. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(1), 30-35. Retsas A. (2000). Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31:599-606. Rosswurm, M. A., & Larrabee, J. (1999). A model for change to evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(4), 317-322. Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Rosemary Garcia Submitted to Karen Rhoades, MS, RN in partial fulfillment of NR460R Evidence Based Practice August 10, 2013 Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Evidence Based Practice Nursing is the utilization by nurses of Evidence Based Research findings that, according to Houser (2012), steer the nurse  toward integration of clinical expert opinion and experience with an unbiased exhaustive review of the best scientific evidence professional nursing care literature can provide while incorporating patient values and preferences. Evidence Based Practice Nursing entails adopting a systematic critical thinking decision making process guided by a deliberate and defined chosen Evidence Based Nursing model path that involves searching, appraising, synthesizing, adapting, implementing, and continually evaluating the Evidence Based Research findings implemented. Among these models are the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, and the Iowa Model for Research in Practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Evidence Based Research on nursing practice by defining Evidence Based Practice Nursing, directing attention to the importance of Evidence Based Research, briefly reviewing examples of qualitative and quantitative research and finally identifying some ways to overcome barriers that prevent nurse participation and utilization of Evidence Based Research. Importance of Evidence Based Research Evidence Based Research is important because it provides nurses with â€Å"actual knowledge of elements of practice that have been known to work† according to R. Simpson (2004). Evidence Based Practice Nursing is based on a disciplined methodological decision making process in which nurses continually ask for Evidence Based Research to support their actions and consistently weigh the validity and reliability of activities of each day. The Evidence Based Practice Nurse also plans for change according to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999). Evidence Based Research findings come through two proven methods, namely qualitative and quantitative research. Systematic reviews summarize and succinctly abstract findings from multiple studies and compile them into useable condensed formats for quicker study and review. A systematic review that includes a meta-analysis draws findings from multiple studies, recalculates the results to arrive at a new finding thus compounding its validity and reliability. The utilization of Evidence Based Research directly and positively improves nursing practice when the findings are implemented. Research Examples The following two examples of Evidence Based Research show how implementation impacts nursing practice. Nursing homes promote their quality of care using analyses and marketing strategies to influence public perception and attract business. How a nursing home addresses the phenomena of palliative care and the prevalence of pressure ulcers affects that perception. A nursing home may presume to have high quality of care because of high score on the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator and promote such a score. Similarly, how a nurse responds to a resident in palliative care also reflects on quality of care. Evidence Based Research of these two phenomena helps improve nursing practice in this arena. A nurse in a long term care facility that provides palliative care may be called upon to respond to a resident who may be struggling with issues of regret for life events and feel a need for forgiveness. A retrospective study by Ferrel, Otis-Green, Baird, and Garcia, (2013) through a convenience sample of 339 nurses attending palliative care educational courses throughout the U.S. and Belize, India, the Philippines and Romania sought to assess nurses’ responses to this issue. Since the purpose was to document the viewpoints and feelings, a descriptive qualitative research design using the phenomenology method was appropriate. The data was examined using content analysis and themes were identified. By focusing on nurses from a broad geographical base who were attending palliative care classes, the researches maximized the potential for gathering relevant data and enhanced transferability and validity through this convenience sample. They also minimized inherent cultural bias that could have potentially arisen if the sample had been solely from one country or region. The conclusion was that nurses would benefit from additional education regarding how best to address these concerns. Implementing these Evidence Based Research findings helps improve nursing practice. As noted earlier, the prevalence of pressure ulcers, their prevention and treatment is a common dilemma in a long term setting and nursing homes want to demonstrate success in this area as part of the quality of care. One method used to identify and monitor pressure ulcers is the Minimum Data Sheet (MDS) prevalence ulcer (PU) indicator. Bates-Jensen et al (2003) in a quantitative research descriptive study sought to determine whether the minimum data sheet pressure ulcer indicator of a high or low score reflected differences in  processes related to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. The convenience sample consisted of 321 residents from 16 different nursing homes. The resident had to be at risk for pressure ulcer development using the PU Residential Assessment Protocol of the M DS to meet the criteria for inclusion. This was a quantitative study designed to collect numerical data by measuring 16 care process quality indicators (10 related to PU care processes, five related to nutrition and one related to incontinence management) using medical record data, direct human observation, interviews and data from wireless thigh movement monitors. The statistical data results revealed that the MDS PU indicator was not a useful indicator of quality of care and could be misinterpreted if not explained. Family members who are considering long term care benefit from this research and in a facility that might have mistakenly interpreted the meaning of the MDS PU indicator, Evidence Based Practice Nursing would implement corrective measures regarding future use of the scores and thus bring about an improved change. Barriers Preventing Research Utilization Nursing improves when Evidence Based Research findings can be utilized and implemented by nurses in their daily practice. J. Dracup (2006) stated what some nurses had identified as barriers to Evidence Based Research, namely: â€Å"accessibility of research findings, anticipated outcomes of using research, organizational support to use research, and support from others to use research.† Dracup believed that â€Å"evidence-based practice must include an assessment of the available resources† since the cost of implementation is yet another barrier and â€Å"will not be adopted if resources are insufficient to incorporate them into the daily routine† nursing care. G. Mitchell (1999) raised â€Å" the lack of sufficient meaningful research† as an additional barrier. A multidisciplinary effort by researchers and educators of all fields will be required to work toward the removal of these barriers. Collaborate to provide a more efficient system of information di ssemination must take place. Systematic reviews, sometimes combined with meta-analysis, already advance the cause of having multiple sources of research data condensed to a useable quickly reviewable format. One possible way that nurses could gain access to Evidence Based Research through the Cochrane Library, for example, is by way of grants to school districts and local  libraries allowing free or low cost subsidized access. After obtaining this access and recognizing nurses’ research time restraints, the formation of high school clubs like â€Å"Cochrane Library Scholars† would allow nurses to pose Research Questions to the club who would in turn compile relevant research articles for the nurse. Similar clubs could be â€Å"AHRQ Research Scholars† and â€Å"Campbell Library Scholars.† Since addressing the barrier of cost of Evidence Based Research implementation is equally important., to purposefully draw community leaders’ attention to the Evidence Based Research available at their local library, create a logo such as â€Å"LIBR[LIBRARY]ARY† with the slogan â€Å"A Library within A Library.† By raising awareness of the benefits of Evidence Based Research of public and private pivotal decision makers, these individuals could prove instrumental in helping to identify and acquire the resources needed to implement Evidence Based Research within their sphere of influence. By opening avenues to Evidence Based Research findings through local libraries, engaging students as researchers and raising community awareness, more nurses could gain knowledge that translates into Evidence Based Practice Nursing. Participants would be engaged in raising the quality of care within their own communities. Raising widespread awareness of the importance and value of Evidence Based Research could be the catalyst that propels groups to collectively seek resources for implementation of Evidence Based Practice in communities across the nation. Conclusion Evidence Based Research impacts Evidence Based Practice Nursing if it is utilized. A deliberate effort to promote the understanding of its importance combined with taking measures to remove barriers that prevent nurses from using Evidence Based Research findings will impact, improve, and ensure the best possible nursing practice. References Bates-Jensen, B.M., Cadogan, M., Osterwell D., Levy-Storms L, Jorge, J., Alsamarrai, N., Grbic, V. & Schnelle, J.F. (2003) The Minimum Data Set Pressure Ulcer Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment in Nursing Homes? Journal of American Geriatric Society, 51(9). DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51403.x Dracup, J. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice is Wonderful †¦ Sort Of, American Journal of Critical Care. 15(4) Ferrel, B., Otis-Green, S, Baird, R.P., & Garcia, A. (2013). Nurses’ Responses to Requests for Forgiveness at the End of Life. Journal of Pain System Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.009 Houser, J. (2012). Nursing Research: reading, using, and creating evidence. (2nd ed.). Salisbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Publishing Mitchell, G. (1999). Evidence-based practice: Critique and alternative view. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(1), 30-35. Retsas A. (2000). Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31:599-606. Rosswurm, M. A., & Larrabee, J. (1999). A model for change to evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(4), 317-322.

Discuss Shakespeare’s dramatic technique in Act one scenes 1 to 7 Essay

The chief character of the play is Macbeth. He is first of all Thane of Glamis and then inherits the title thane of Cawdor from an executed traitor. Instigated by a prophecy from the Witches that he will become king, and urged on by his wife, he murders King Duncan, and has himself proclaimed king. To secure his position, he is driven to commit further criminal acts, and plunges his country into civil war. After he is killed in battle by Macduff he is described as a ‘dead butcher’. The first scene is set on the ‘moor’ that is bleak and desolate. This scene is one of desolation and devastation. The desolate countryside metaphorically separates the humans from the Witches who are used to open the play to introduce the idea of fate and destiny. From the stage directions, the ‘battlefield’ creates a scene of death, carnage and destruction in line 4, ‘when the battle’s lost and won’ and line 12 and 13, ‘fair is foul and foul is fair’ a paradox is offered. How can fair be foul? How a battle be lost and won? The Witches’ chant in rhyming couplets and their speech is deliberately equivocal to create confusion in the mortals, as it is open t interpretation. He rhyming couplets give the effect of an incantation, while the thunder and lightning echo the noise of the battle. Similarly strange is thepaaradox that closes the scene: contained within it is the oxymoron, ‘fair is foul, and foul is fair’, a paradoxical idea that the Witches are able to transform what is good into evil, and make what is evil appear virtuous. These are also the first words spoken in the play by Macbeth, the echo establishes an unconscious contact with the Witches and is dramatically effective. We discover that the Witches are on the ‘moor’ ‘to meet with Macbeth’. They seem to know where Macbeth will be. Once again they show that they can foretell the future. What can Macbeth the play’s eponymous hero have to do with these abnormal, ‘weird woman’ who ‘look not like th’inhabitants of earth’? How does he fit into their plans? The opening scene heightens the audience’s expectations, as Macbeth will soon appear on stage, the audience will try and establish exactly why the Witches hope t meet him. Witches held great significance for a Jacobean audience who believed in witchcraft. Witches were the objects of morbid and fevered fascination during this era. The Jacobeans were afraid and superstitious. They suspected that the Witches were credited with powers and could predict the future, fly, cause fogs and tempests, bring on night in daytime, kill animals and curse people, with fatal diseases as well as induce nightmares. By the use of this technique, Shakespeare knew that he would get his audience’s attention with the opening scene. Although brief, this scene sets the supernatural atmosphere of the play, which is central to its dramatic action. In scene two, Shakespeare cleverly moves the scene to establish a different mood when introducing the humans. The seething battlefield replaces the moor, foul thunder is replaced by the sound of the military alarum and the humans replace the Witches. In this scene we meet Duncan, the King of Scotland, and his sons, Donalbain and Malcolm. Duncan’s supremacy is instantly established for he is the first to speak. They receive a report of the battle fought against the King of Norway and Macdonwald, the thane of Cawdor who has proved disloyal to Duncan. From the report he audience learns about the heroism and bravery of one of the King Duncan’s generals, Macbeth. Shakespeare continues to build suspense as he introduces the humans. The audience are also introduced to evil in man and the evil in warfare. The playwright’s use of language helps to bring the battle to life and emphasises Macbeth’s importance. Dynamic verbs like, ‘smok’d’, ‘brandish’d’ and ‘unseam’d’ suggest Macbeth’s skills and courage as his sword ‘smok’d with bloody execution’. Once again we hear about Macbeth before we see him. Hw=e is spoken of in glowing terms and he becomes a hero in the eyes of the audience. Though he is referred to as a ‘worthy gentlemen’, there is still the memory that his name is connected with the Witches. ‘Brave Macbeth’ kills Macdonwald by carving ‘out his passage’ ’till he unseem’d him from the nave to the chops’ ‘with his brandish’d steel’ that ‘smok’d with bloody execution’. Part of this description highlights Macbeth’s bravery and valour, but the captain’s description of Macbeth’s ‘unseeming’ of Macdonwald can be interpreted in different ways. Shakespeare intentionally paints an ambiguous picture of Macbeth. Macbeth, however, is still not satisfied until he had ‘fix’d [Macdonwald’s] head’ upon the ‘battlements’. The decapitation of Macdonwald would support a more negative reading of Macbeth as oppose to his courageous behaviour. Scene two concludes with an ironic note as Macbeth is rewarded with the title of ‘Thane of Cawdor’ which has been taken from ‘that most disloyal traitor’ and given to Macbeth, who will prove to be more treacherous: ‘No more than Thane of Cawdor shall deceive, Our bosom interest. Go pronounce his death, And with his former title greet Macbeth’. The audience will realise that to make Macbeth Thane of Cawdor is a great mistake. We see Macbeth, the loyal subject and great hero who fought for good, change and become corrupt, and gradually deteriorate into a vicious tyrant. At the start of scene three, we meet the Witches once again in foul weather and we begin to witness their spiteful destructive nature. One ‘sister’ has been ‘killing swine’ while another has possession of a ‘pilot’s thumb’. The other Witch punishes a sailor’s wife by conjuring up a storm, therefore getting at her husband. From this the audience learns that the powers the Witches carry are limited. They cannot kill, but are able to create a climate for evil to flourish. ‘Though his bark cannot be lost Yet it shall be tempest-toss’d’. The Witches’ curse on the sailor can be read as a prediction of Macbeth’s future. We are shown that the Witches are determined to make people suffer. They torment the sailor and drain him ‘dry as hay’. They deny him sleep at ‘night’ and in the ‘day’. They ensure that ‘he shall live a man forbid’. However, Macbeth can be destroyed because the forces of veil are present within him. He alone causes chaos in the world by destroying the natural order when he deliberately choose the path of evil. The ship is a metaphor for the state of Scotland which is going to ‘tempest toss’d’ when Macbeth becomes king. ‘A drum beats and Macbeth makes an entrance. We finally meet him and it is significant that his first appearance is with the Witches on the ‘moor’. This represents his connection with evil. His paradoxical word ‘So foul and fair a day I have not seen’ arrests us because it replicates those of the Witches. This once again draws inferences between Macbeth and evil. This could suggest that the Witches have control over Macbeth, or that the ‘hags’ are in some way similar to him. The appearance of the Witches like their speeches is equivocal. It is Banquo, who is used now as a dramatic device, who first comments on the bizarre appearance of the Witches. They ‘look not like th’inhabitants o’th earth, and yet are on’t’ and they appear to be ‘women’ though they have ‘beards’. Banquo is calm and is looking for a reasonable explanation to why the Witches are on the moor, whilst Macbeth is impatient and wants an immediate answer to why the Witches have come with ‘such prophetic greetings’. The Witches prophesise that Macbeth, ‘Thane of Glamis’ will become ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and ‘king hereafter’, and that Banquo will have kings. Part of the prophecy is immediately fulfilled when a messenger announces that Duncan, King of Scotland has promoted Macbeth Thane of Cawdor. We the audience realise, that from the previous scene, Macbeth with his courage and bravery, and not the Witches’ powers, has won him the title ‘Thane of Cawdor’. Macbeth is ‘rapt withal’ and becomes lost in his thoughts, as the Witches have articulated his secret desire of killing the King. His mind has been corrupted and he wants glory for himself. Shakespeare shows how evil can control what is good in Macbeth. Macbeth is torn between the forces of good and evil and he believes that he cannot be king unless evil wins over good. Macbeth reveals a disturbed mind, when he speaks his own thoughts aloud in a soliloquy, as murder is in his mind. His first thought is to leave everything to chance: ‘If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me, Without my stir’ Macbeth has asked Ross and Angus, the messengers, why they ‘dress [him] in borrow’d robes’- why they call him by the name of Cawdor, when Cawdor lives. By the end of the scene Macbeth is contemplating ‘borrowing’ the king’s ‘robes’. The reference to clothing in this scene is symbolic. The imagery of clothing indicates status, prestige and symbolises a person’s title. By using the imagery of clothing, Shakespeare is trying to show that if you wear someone else’s clothes they may feel uncomfortable and they may ‘cleave not to their mould’ because they are ‘borrow’d’. Therefore if Macbeth wears the robes of the kingship they will ‘cleave not to [his] mould’ as he is not worthy of the kings throne. When the Witches depart in this scene, Macbeth orders them to, ‘Stay, you imperfect speakers tell me more’. Macbeth’s curiosity has got the better of him and his demand of the Witches indicates his obsessive interest with these ‘weird women’ and their prophecies. The Witches ‘vanish’ into the air as they do not receive orders from mortals and will not be dictated to. The source and purpose of their evil remains a mystery to the audience. Shakespeare metaphorically compares the disappearance of the Witches to ‘bubbles’. Macbeth’s life can also be represented as a bubble, as the ‘honour, love, obedience’ and ‘troops of old friends’ that he has will soon disappear under the wishes they had ‘stay’d’. Ross and Angus enter, they are used as dramatic devices to convey to Macbeth the Kings decision to reward Macbeth with the title ‘Thane of Cawdor’. Macbeth and Banquo are both shocked as the ‘devil’ has spoken the truth. Macbeth is already snared by the Witches’ prophecies, as he believes that, ‘The greatest is behind’ On the other hand, Banquo can see through the trickery of the Witches. He is sceptical and can see through Macbeth’s motives in asking him whether he hopes his heirs will become kings. Banquo tries to warm Macbeth against the ‘instruments of darkness’. He tries to convince Macbeth that the Witches tell simple truths that are easy to believe, so that when they want to deceive people with more important matters they will also be believed. ‘And often times, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray’s In deepest consequence’. Banquo is portrayed b by Shakespeare in a positive light, as he does not make him an accomplice in Duncan’s murder. The stage directions show that Macbeth turns ‘aside’. This informs the audience that he is talking to himself. This symbolises Macbeth turning away from the other characters in the play as well as the path to righteousness. Shakespeare uses dramatic language to emphasise Macbeth’s horror. His ‘seated heart knock’ at his ‘ribs’ and his hair is ‘unfix’ed’. The scene concludes with Macbeth and Banquo following Ross and Angus to meet the king. The audience are filled with a sense of apprehension and anticipation. One question remains: how will Macbeth get the crown? Scene four opens with a focus on treachery and betrayal. King Duncan hears his son, Malcolm, relate how the treacherous Cawdor has been executed. Also in this scene Duncan reveals his lack of knowledge regarding his own thanes. He exposes a very human weakness-one which lies at the heart of the play- the difficulty of working out who is loyal and who is pretyending loyalty: ‘There’s no art to find the Mind’s construction in the face’. It seems likely that there is an implicit criticism of Duncan here: a good King should be able to assess the loyalty of all his servants. Duncan’s failure to do so reveals his limitation as a monarch- one who is taken in by appearances. Dramatic irony is introduced where Duncan announces that Cawdor was a Kinsman in whom he had ‘absolute trust’. Macbeth’s betrayal will replicate that of Cawdor’s. When Macbeth and Banquo enter, Duncan immediately singles out Macbth for praise, ‘o’worthiest cousin’. The superlative ‘worthiest’ subtly reveals that Macbeth is yet another thane in whom Duncan has ‘absolute trust’. Macbeth is the most dangerous of the potential traitors because he is closest to the king. Scene four is the only time we see Macbeth and Duncan together and Shakespeare contrasts the forces of good and evil. Macbeth’s deceit and hypocrisy is shown in this scene when he praises King Duncan and promises to honour him with ‘loyalty’. He convinces Duncan that servicing ‘your highness’ will be its own reward. Macbeth is a hypocrite because in the previous scene he has contemplated the ‘murder’ of Duncan. Duncan ironically comments that he has started to metaphorically ‘plant Macbeth’, meaning that he will make sure that Macbeth grows greater and stronger as a reward for his services. This is ironic because what is growing in Macbeth is the seed of ambition to be King himself. Shakespeare deliberately plants an obstacle in Macbeth’s path when Duncan announces that his eldest son, Malcolm, is to succeed him as king. Macbeth now sees Malcolm as an obstacle between himself and the throne ‘which he must fall down’ or ‘else o’er leap’. Shakespeare uses the euphemism that Malcolm is a ‘step’ he must ‘o’er leap’, in order to disguise the realisation that Malcolm must be eradicated. In an ‘aside’, symbolically turning his back on the King, Macbeth reveals to the audience, and articulates for the first time his ‘black and deep desires’. He invokes the powers of darkness to ‘hide [their] fires’. At the beginning of scene five, we see that Macbeth and his ‘dearest partner of greatness’, Lady Macbeth, have a very close relationship. This is a contrast to how distant they become later on in the play when Macbeth’s ‘fiend-like queen’ is ‘innocent of the knowledge’. She is ‘innocent of the knowledge’ as Macbeth does not confide about his plans to kill Banquo, and she shows ignorance of Macbeth’s murder of Macduff’s family. She asks in her rambling state ‘where’ the Thane of Fife’s wife is ‘now’. Macbeth’s lack of sorrow when he hears of his wife’s death is also indicative of how they have drifted apart. In all the public scenes in the play she acts ‘like the innocent flower’; in the private scenes we see the ‘serpent under’t’. It is suggested that she commits suicide as she has become lonely and rather isolated. Lady Macbeth does not live up to the expectation of a typical Jacobean/Elizabethan woman. She wants the spirits the ‘spirits’ to ‘unsex’ her so that she can be tough and strong. Lady Macbeth uses strong imperatives and determined language that is brutal and violent. This is because she is delighted with her husband’s letter and shows determination that he will become king. The letter form Macbeth describes the Witches’ appearances, their prophecies-in particular that which promises the throne to Macbeth- but does not mention King Duncan’s announcement of his heir; the audience can therefore, assume that this letter was written immediately after the events which occur in the third scene. Although Lady Macbeth knows that her husband is ambitious, she is aware that he ‘is too full o’the milk of human kindness’. She says that ruthlessness is an ‘illness’ that Macbeth does not have. This is not a true portrayal of Macbeth, because from the previous scenes and throughout the play we see that Macbeth is not ‘too full o’the milk of human kindness’ but lacks it. Perhaps she is comparing Macbeth to herself and is saying that Macbeth is not as ambitious as she is. Lady Macbeth under estimates the powers of her conscience. She see her conscience as her weakness, not realising until after Duncans ‘murder’ how she will pour[her] spirits in his ear’. She has also decided that nothing will stand between him (or her?) and the ‘golden crown’ ( a metonym for the throne). Lady Macbeth greets her husband like the Witches, which subconsciously links her to evil and believes that her call to the ‘murdering ministers’ has been answered. She feels ‘now the future in the instant’ and that she is ‘beyond this ignorant present’. This is ironic as Lady Macbeth is still being ‘ignorant’. Lady Macbeth’s confidence is a contrast to Macbeth’s uncertainty. She advises him to ‘look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t’ and to ‘only look up clear’. She is in control of their relationship and tries to help Macbeth find the necessary determination to do the ‘deed’. Though Lady Macbeth appears to be confident, she uses euphemisms when talking to Macbeth about the ‘nights great business’. At this point in the play, Macbeth has been tempted to commit regicide, however he has tried to resist temptation. Macbeth’s resistance, however, is not vigorous enough to stand up to his wife’s ability to manipulate him. The scene closes dramatically with Lady Macbeth’ emphatic affirmation that Duncan’s fate rests in her hands- ‘leave all the rest to me’. Scene six sees King Duncan arriving at Macbeth’s castle, he and Banquo talk about how ‘pleasant’ a place it is to visit. They comment that the air ‘recommends itself’ and ‘is delicate’. This is ironic in view of Lady Macbeth’s words in the previous scene, and even more so when compared with that of the Witches say about the ‘fog and filthy air’ surrounding their evil deeds. Duncan also says that he is grateful for the ‘love’ which is shown to him. Here again, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony. The idea that Duncan feels safe and loved in the surroundings is ironic as this will be the scene of his murder. This creates a sense of anticipation for the audience. It shows Duncan’s naivety, as he keeps full trust in Macbeth and his ‘fair and noble hostess’. We are presented in this scene with images of tranquillity and the words ‘host’ and ‘guest’ are repeated. At the beginning of scene seven, we once again see the struggle between the forces of good and evil. Macbeth cannot make up his mind whether to kill Duncan and he wrestles with his conscience in his soliloquy. He knows that the murder would be wrong and would he would end up paying the price for his crime, but he has ‘vaulting ambition’ that is very persuasive to his conscience. Though Macbeth is driven by ‘his vaulting ambition’ he redeems himself and ‘will proceed no further in this business’, as Duncan’s murder will be ‘like angels, trumpet-tongu’d’ and heaven would be outraged. The verb ‘will’ shows Macbeth’s determination to keep his soul. Toward the end of his soliloquy Macbeth compares his excessive ambition to a horse that tries to jump too high and fall on the other side of the fence. Within the soliloquy Macbeth’s thoughts seem to be fragmented, this is shown by the use of many full stops. Lady Macbeth verbally assaults her husband using violent language that becomes heightened. She accuses him of being a ‘coward’ and questions his manhood: ‘when you durst do it’, she says, ‘ then you were a man’. She is forceful in her language and she conjures up images of horror. She knows, ‘How tender’tis love the babe that milks me: I would, While it was smiling in my face, Have pluck’d my nipple from boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Lady Macbeth seems to have been granted her earlier wish to the evil spirits to ‘Fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty’. Macbeth’s earlier decision not to kill Duncan crumbles under the scornful attack of his wife, especially when his bravery is questioned. However, he is still worried bout what will happen to then if they ‘should fail’. Shakespeare cleverly ends the scene with rhyming couplets. ‘Away, and mock the time with fairest show, False face must hide what the false heart doth know’. The rhyming couplets symbolise their connection with the Witches and evil as they complete their preparations for murder. The audience waits in anticipation. Throughout Act one Shakespeare creates an atmosphere of tension by exploring the theme of evil against good. Symbolism is used to emphasise this theme. Dramatic irony, dramatic language and strong descriptive scenes also help to build up an atmosphere of tension.

Free Essays on Folklore

According to Webster’s dictionary, folklore is the traditional customs, tales, sayings, or art forms preserved among a people. In addition, folklore of any society anywhere is the humanity of people; it unifies them and directs their wisdom towards the benefits of the human kind. Folklore also progresses as the society progresses, and it moves from one generation to another. Therefore, studying the folklore of a particular society helps in understanding the development of this society over the years. In this paper, several folklore stories will be discussed from different societies across the world including Greek and Roman folktales, Scotland, and Palestinian folktales. The first folktale that will be discussed is from ancient Greek and Roman societies. The title of the tale is Constellations 31, which can be found in Star Myths and Folklore of the Greeks and Romans: A sourcebook. This story discusses Poseidon and Amphitrite. Poseidon wishes to marry Amphitrite, but she wanted to preserve her virginity, therefore she fled to Mount Atlas. Poseidon sent out many searches to find her, among them was the dolphin. The dolphin, under the order of Poseidon, went looking for Amphitrite around the island of Atlas, and eventually the dolphin found her. The dolphin then brought Amphitrite to Poseidon, and he married her and â€Å"decreed the highest honors of the sea for the dolphin†. Poseidon insisted that this dolphin that found Amphitrite was sacred and placed an image of it among the stars. In the sky, the dolphin has one star on the mouth; two on the dorsal fin; three on the ventral fins; one on the back, and two on the tail. Because of the numbe r of stars corresponds to the number of Muses, this animal is said to be fond of music. This story about Poseidon and Amphitrite and the dolphin is common in the ancient Greek and Roman societies. The author talks about how the Greeks and Romans did not only view the dolphin as the emblem of ph... Free Essays on Folklore Free Essays on Folklore According to Webster’s dictionary, folklore is the traditional customs, tales, sayings, or art forms preserved among a people. In addition, folklore of any society anywhere is the humanity of people; it unifies them and directs their wisdom towards the benefits of the human kind. Folklore also progresses as the society progresses, and it moves from one generation to another. Therefore, studying the folklore of a particular society helps in understanding the development of this society over the years. In this paper, several folklore stories will be discussed from different societies across the world including Greek and Roman folktales, Scotland, and Palestinian folktales. The first folktale that will be discussed is from ancient Greek and Roman societies. The title of the tale is Constellations 31, which can be found in Star Myths and Folklore of the Greeks and Romans: A sourcebook. This story discusses Poseidon and Amphitrite. Poseidon wishes to marry Amphitrite, but she wanted to preserve her virginity, therefore she fled to Mount Atlas. Poseidon sent out many searches to find her, among them was the dolphin. The dolphin, under the order of Poseidon, went looking for Amphitrite around the island of Atlas, and eventually the dolphin found her. The dolphin then brought Amphitrite to Poseidon, and he married her and â€Å"decreed the highest honors of the sea for the dolphin†. Poseidon insisted that this dolphin that found Amphitrite was sacred and placed an image of it among the stars. In the sky, the dolphin has one star on the mouth; two on the dorsal fin; three on the ventral fins; one on the back, and two on the tail. Because of the numbe r of stars corresponds to the number of Muses, this animal is said to be fond of music. This story about Poseidon and Amphitrite and the dolphin is common in the ancient Greek and Roman societies. The author talks about how the Greeks and Romans did not only view the dolphin as the emblem of ph...

Definition of Fuel Injector Pulse Width

Definition of Fuel Injector Pulse Width All modern automotive engines use fuel injectors to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber. Varying load, speed, and temperature conditions require adjustability of fuel delivery, and that is accomplished through changes to injector pulse width. It is simply the amount of time, measured in milliseconds (ms), a fuel injector stays open (delivers fuel) during a cylinder intake cycle. Typical injector pulse width for an idling engine at normal operating temperature is between 2.5 and 3.5 ms. When an engine needs to make more power, the onboard computer delivers more fuel by increasing the pulse width of the fuel injectors. How Pulse Width is Determined In terms of engine mechanics, the determination of fuel injector pulse width is fairly simple. First, you determine the base pulse width by looking it up in a reference table wherein the relation between engine speed and load are explained. Once you determine the base width, you then determine which factors will affect your engine performance like oxygen levels and coolant temperatures and plug it into the equation pulse width (Base pulse)(Factor A)(Factor B).   However, it is important to know that your engines pulse width is actually determined by as many as 100 or more factors such as these, wherein a reference table can be used to determine the corresponding metrics for this equation. For instance, a coolant temperature Factor A of 75 is valued at .9 in the above equation via its reference table. Fortunately for you, engines have determined this formula for years and have since perfected the process. Some cars now even have electronic monitors that can read out exact measurements of all factors that go into determining pulse width and hackers can even program them to boost engine performance by adjusting the equations. This is not recommended for novice mechanics or mechanics with little experience with engine control modules  (ECM).   What Can Go Wrong? Even the smallest amount of variation in fuel injection rate can affect your engines performance, mainly because it is specifically designed to run with a certain ratio according to a multitude of factors. You can typically observe problems with the fuel injector in a variety of ways. A fuel smell coming from the engine compartment may mean that the fuel injector is creating too long of a pulse width. Similarly, a misfiring of the engine or a decrease in power, acceleration or speed may be symptomatic of a failing fuel injector. In any case, your vehicle has a built-in safety message to prevent spontaneous breakdown related to this: the check engine light.   If your check engine light comes on, you should see your local mechanic or check the engine yourself by checking the OBD-II code  that your vehicles ECM outputs. If you see a code that references fuel injector failure, the only solution might be  replacing your fuel injector. In any case, it is best to visit your local mechanic for a full diagnosis and the most professional solution to your engine troubles.

Idiomatic English

Idiomatic English Idiomatic English Idiomatic English By Maeve Maddox In response to the When to use ‘on’ and when to use ‘in post about prepositions, Francesco Mapelli writes: I still dont get the He was not thinking well on that occasion. Why is in wrong here? At the risk of sounding unhelpful, the only answer to this perplexity is that on that occasion is idiomatic English and in that occasion is not. On the other hand, we can say in that instance, while it would be unidiomatic to say on that instance. In his renowned A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, H. W. Fowler defined an idiomatic expression as one that is natural for a normal Englishman to say or write. He went on to say that idiomatic English is not necessarily grammatical or ungrammatical. Sometimes idiomatic usage agrees with stated rules, and sometimes it doesnt. The two, grammar and idiom, are two separate categories. Sometimes they agree, and sometimes they dont. It is not necessary to understand an idiom. It is only necessary to accept it. My beginning French students often exclaimed at French idioms like Jai 17 ans (literally, I have 17 years). They wanted to translate such constructions literally, and then complained that the result sounded ridiculous in English. I worked very hardusually unsuccessfullyto convince them that French is not some funny form of English. French is French, and in French, Jai 17 ans is correct and Je suis 17 ans is nonsense. Idiomatic expressions of every kind in Englsh are rapidly changing. Here are some examples from my collection of prepositional use in the media: living under borrowed time. (living on borrowed time) Stonehenge has mystic appeal to the British people. (appeal for the English people) On the other hand, we say that picture appeals to me. foreigners have been encroaching into Korean waters. (encroaching on) The IRS is not concerned with the situations in which these minors will be returned to. This one is ungrammatical as well as unidiomatic. It should read: The IRS is not concerned with the situations to which these minors will be returned. Several forces are at work to change English idioms. One is lack of attention to teaching traditional literature and usage in the public school classroom. School administrators as a group do not value language instruction. Many of them laugh off their own grammatical errors or lack of familiarity with literary classics by implying that such matters are the concern of English teachers only. Few Americans read for entertainment. We are a film-oriented culture. Popular television shows like Seinfeld spread nonstandard regional usages such as waiting on line for waiting in line (in the sense of waiting in a queue). Popular attitudes about personal liberty equate linguistic correctness with elitism or social oppression. Finally, to some extent, the grammatical conventions of other languages find their way into English by way of our diverse population. In many ways a language shapes the thoughts of the people who speak it, but the speakers also shape the language. If enough people start saying or writing a certain expression, it will become idiomatic. The Stonehenge example above illustrates how idioms can change by analogy with other idioms. Language is going to change from generation to generation in any case. If it changes too rapidly, the traditional literature is lost. Few read Chaucer for fun anymore. Shakespeares works must be studied with a glossary. High school students struggle with Great Expectations, and some entering college students have trouble understanding the essays of George Orwell. Writers have a responsibility to read widely in the literature of the language in which they choose to write. They have the privilege of innovation, but, in the interest of continuity and comprehensibility, they can use the privilege judiciously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example who have used these drugs for a very long time may also develop ‘tardive dyskinesia’ which involves many unintentional movements of the lips and tongue and sometimes of the hands and neck. In rare cases there is a toxic reaction to medication that is called ‘neuroleptic malignant syndrome’ which is characterized by high fever and extreme muscle rigidity and which, if untreated may be fatal. The exact reasons why these side effects occur is not fully known. Yet, as it can be surmised the strength of the antipsychotics that is used to combat such a strong disease would not be suitable for the immunity of all the patients and therefore, these side effects occur as a reaction from the body. The Second-Generation antipsychotics which began appearing in 1980s improved the qualities of the treatment as they produced less side effects. They include risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone and they cause far fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than the earlier antipsychotics. They are also very effective in removing both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia 1. Paranoid Personality Disorder: People who suffer from paranoid personality disorder have pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others, which leads to many problems. They see themselves as blameless and blame others instead for their own mistakes and failures. They often look for signs to confirm their suspicion and they are always doubtful of everything. 2. Schizoid Personality Disorder: Individuals suffering from this personality disorder are unable to form social relationships and lack interests in such things. They typically do not have friends with rare exceptions. They remain distant and unable to express their feelings and are seen by others as cold and unfriendly. They are often lonely and lack social skills with solitary interests and occupations. 3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder: In this disorder, an individual are excessively introverted and have pervasive social

John Lockes Natural Rights in The Second Treatise of Government Essay

John Lockes Natural Rights in The Second Treatise of Government - Essay Example â€Å"Locke developed central devices for political theory †¦a theory of natural law† (Bailey 2008, p. 252). The state of nature,  to which Locke refers, describes two things: the condition of mankind before the establishment of civil government and the condition of mankind before the introduction of formal legislation to ensure societal order. Locke deduces that since laws governs nature, and God ordains laws where man is subject to the Divine then the laws govern mankind. It must be noted that since these rights exist outside of the body politic or civil society; they are natural or inherent to man’s being. These rights are inalienable and are equally applied. Forming the basis of the penal system, the justice system, the welfare system, the military system, the economy and the government as a whole, these rights comprise the foundation for both individual and society at large. In the natural state, the rights of man are equal and evenly distributed to all huma nity’s members. Sovereignty cannot be invested in a singular individual where all are made equal. In his treatise, Locke insists on â€Å"equality of men by nature†¦as so evident in itself, and beyond all question† (Locke 1980). Locke declares his stand for the equality of the rights of all men, and their sameness before the law and before God. Locke drafts this document to stress the implications of equality for society. In the day of Locke, men are grappling with rife, social inequalities which lead to disgruntled lower classes and corrupt upper classes. Factors are forwarded to justify superiority of one class and the inferiority of another. The principles of the right to equality are rooted in the acknowledgement that all men are naturally created equal, and abide in â€Å"a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species an d rank† (Locke 1980). Man is a rational being equipped with mental capacities, moral virtue, feelings, impulses or physical make-up. Hence Locke endorses the view of unbiased, impartial, and equal treatment of all. The respect of the right to equality would avert discrimination, social class (elitism), and exclusion. These egalitarian views are drafted in the treatise to regulate more equal consideration and distribution of power among all people. (Bailey 2008, p. 78) comments that â€Å"the role of equal rights in Locke is precisely to ensure that the only permissible departures from the state of nature are those that respect these rights.† The mere fact that one has been integrated into the human race is entitlement to equality and dignity. The understanding that all men are equal is also predicated on the premise that there are no natural claims of superiority, and one may not act at will in the exercise of government. All men are naturally and legitimately a part of the society and must be regarded as a full member. Each man also must exercise his natural right to survival based on the principles of The Second Treatise of Government. Locke states that, â€Å"being once born, (men) have a right to their preservation, and consequently to meat and drink, and such other things as nature affords for their subsistence† (Locke 1980). As such he deserves to gain access those things which would facilitate survival such as food, clothing and shelter. Here, Locke discusses man’s fundamental physiological needs as pointed out in Maslow’s pyramid of needs. Life is a precious gift and so man has the ability to protect and preserve his life. Without due attention to

Organizational behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational behavior - Case Study Example â€Å"The customer is the foundation of business success† (Hose, 2013). When Amie Lee was appointed to a supervisory position one of the other employees, Hahn Chen, was outraged and asked Abdul for an immediate transfer. He claimed he could not work under a person that did not have any technical skills. There is more than meets the eye at the reaction of Hahn Chen. Mr. Chen is a Chinese American that was raised by Chinese immigrant parents. Amie Lee is also of Chinese heritage. The organization behavior theory that explains the behavior of Hahn Chen is cultural conflict. In China females are visualized as second class citizens in the workplace. For a Chinese person it is disrespectful to work under the supervision of a woman. China is a male oriented society in which sexism is a common occurrence (China, 2011). As a manager Abdul would benefit from the OB concept of perception. Perception can be defined as the process through which people receive, organize, and interpret infor mation from their environment (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003). He must realize that Hahn Chen is lying about his rejection of Amie as his supervisor. In reality his actions are discriminatory against women in the workplace. Discrimination in the workplace based on gender or sex is prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Eeoc, 2013). The problem could have been avoided by the manager through training and development. The employees of the firm should have been given cultural and discrimination training as part of their orientation period when they became employees of the company. The firm must take this matter very seriously because Hahn Chen just exposed the firm to legal liabilities if Amie decides to take actions against the firm. She was discriminated against by Mr. Chen. Nobody has the right to make another person feel bad and inferior in the workplace. Abdul Balli must take this problem very seriously and seek a solution immediately. Any solution must recogni ze the fact that Amie is the victim in this scenario and her needs should be the top priority. The first step Abdul must take is to meet with Amie to evaluate her state of mind. She left the meeting crying, thus it is fair to assume that Hahn’s action affected her emotionally. Abdul must make it clear to her that she is a value member of the staff, that the company is extremely happy with her work performance, and that she earned the promotion that was given to her. Abdul must tell her that the actions of Hahn are not representative of the business culture of the firm. To resolve the conflict Abdul will approve the transfer request of Hahn Chen under the condition that he takes sensitivity, discrimination and cultural training immediately. Transferring Chen leaves a position open the engineering department. Abdul must hire a person to fill the void. To speed up the process an employment agency will be hire to recruit a new engineer for the staff. Abdul cannot allow its employ ees to adapt bad customs from other cultures into the workplace. References China.org (2011). Chinese women seek larger role. Retrieved December 3, 2013 from http://www.china.org.cn/china/2011-08/10/content_23177569.htm Eeoc.org (2013). Sex-Based discrimination. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved December 3, 2013 from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sex.cfm Hose, C. (2013). Customer Importance in Marketing. Retrieved

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Memo - Assignment Example It gives the business a room to see the direct impact of falling short on expected variables, such as procurement costs, sales levels, or number of distribution channels. Spreadsheets benefits: It does not only provide the user with a way to present numbers, but also to give the mathematical relationship between the numbers, so that the implications of the different assumptions could be prepared easily and persistently. Parameters to be changed: There will be addition in raw materials to produce more products to cater for the growing market and purchase of new equipment, to avoid overworking the old machines due to extra production of products. Increase in cost that is bound to happen due to the purchase of a new machine and extra production of products will have an effect on the Net income of the company. But because of increase in sales due to the growing market, the costs are to be covered without any problem. Nonetheless, increase in sales means increase in advertising costs, labor costs, but an increase in sales revenue is the outcome which will eventually increase the net income in the income statement. As this system is implemented, the management can track the vital in-combination cost drivers, and be proactive in auctioning changes should the need arise (Scot, Chan, & Saltelli,

Thoughts On Printmaking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thoughts On Printmaking - Assignment Example Another feature about this laptop cover is that it can be used on any laptop, not necessarily Apples. A user can cover his/her laptop with this beautiful adornment irrespective of the brand. Also the color of the cover has made it exceptionally appealing. White engravings on a dark background are giving it an outstanding look. This cover has got a good aesthetic appeal to it as well. Also, the design is quite intricate and would be liked by people generally. The colors are also gender neutral making it easy for any gender to use the cover. They aren’t bright or flashy so people won’t get awkward before using it. I like it because it is modern, conventional, trendy and beautiful. It is smooth and shiny and the fact that it is a laser engraving makes it special. The remaining images shown in the slides deserve acclaim as well, but I found this one the best as it is very different and attention

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Memo - Assignment Example It gives the business a room to see the direct impact of falling short on expected variables, such as procurement costs, sales levels, or number of distribution channels. Spreadsheets benefits: It does not only provide the user with a way to present numbers, but also to give the mathematical relationship between the numbers, so that the implications of the different assumptions could be prepared easily and persistently. Parameters to be changed: There will be addition in raw materials to produce more products to cater for the growing market and purchase of new equipment, to avoid overworking the old machines due to extra production of products. Increase in cost that is bound to happen due to the purchase of a new machine and extra production of products will have an effect on the Net income of the company. But because of increase in sales due to the growing market, the costs are to be covered without any problem. Nonetheless, increase in sales means increase in advertising costs, labor costs, but an increase in sales revenue is the outcome which will eventually increase the net income in the income statement. As this system is implemented, the management can track the vital in-combination cost drivers, and be proactive in auctioning changes should the need arise (Scot, Chan, & Saltelli,

Is human genome editing inevitable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is human genome editing inevitable - Essay Example However, there have been worldwide debates regarding the ethical and legal aspects of human genome editing. So, this discussion is about the new molecular technique of CRISPRs, analyzing its present hype, benefits, and risks behind it. Moreover, the discussion traces critical perspectives of human genome editing and possibilities of this inevitable science in future. The analysis also justifies the ethical process and critically examines opinions of others on these emotive issues. In the past few decades, genome editing methods have been successfully experimented on animals and in the field of agriculture. In that direction, recent advancements have increased the possibilities of experimentation with human genomes. However, the inefficiency of the previous methods and lack of specificity raises doubts, with many sections terming it as inappropriate and unsafe for humans. Of late, the latest weapon added to the armory of human genome editing is a technique called Crispr-Cas9. The main reason for this technique to receive universal acclaim is that, unlike the previous methods, it is possible for scientists to insert, modify, or delete DNA with unprecedented precision, increased efficiency, specificity, and more flexibility. Because of this precision and efficiency, human body achieves optimal strength to impede attacks of microorganisms. â€Å"The method, known by the acronym Crispr-Cas9, co-opts the natural immune system with which bacteria remember the DNA of the viruses that attacks them so they are ready the next time those same invaders appear†.

Nokia Sustainability Report Essay Example for Free

Nokia Sustainability Report Essay Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology organization that originated and is headquartered in Finland. Its main products are mobile phones and portable information technology devices. It also offers Internet services such as games, music, media, messaging, applications, as well as free map information and navigations tools through its exclusively owned subsidiary Navteq. Nokia also has a joint venture with Siemens, and Nokia Siemens Networks, a telecommunications network equipment and services company. Nokia is a large company, with almost 100,000 employees in 120 countries, with sales in more than 150 countries; it is the world’s second largest mobile phone manufacturer, after Samsung, by 2012 unit sales. However, beginning in 2007, this organization is undergoing a major crisis that is challenging its current and future sustainability. While it was the world’s prime vendor of mobile phone from 1998 to 2012, it has suffered a declining market share over the past five years due to the outpouring popularity of smartphones from companies like Apple (iPhone) and Samsung. Therefore, Nokia’s share price has significantly lowered from a US$40 in 2007 to under US$2 in mid-2012. After this huge downfall, Nokia decided to implement a strategic partnership with Microsoft in which Nokia smartphones will have Microsoft’s Windows Phone operating system within them, replacing Nokia’s previous operating system, Symbian. However, this decision did not prove to be a success nor save Nokia from its downfall, as the company reported six consecutive loss-making quarters before finally returning to a profit in its fourth quarter in 2012. So what exactly happened to Nokia that has brought it to its current financial and economic state today? Is there any way that they can bounce back from this tragedy? If so, how? In this research report, I will attempt to explain how and why Nokia is now facing a severe technological challenge, as well as why it has now become an organizational and managerial failure, a sharp contrast to how successful it once was. Next, I will explain how Nokia’s failure to outsmart the competition and its poor choice of disregarding technological trends and advancements has brought it to its economic and financial state today. I will then remark on Nokia’s current management’s actions and reactions in terms of the organization’s state and whether or not I believe these actions will lead to either sustainability or failure for the future of this company. I will then end this report by providing some suggestions on how to improve Nokia’s chance for sustainability, and hopefully, success in the near and further future. While Nokia faces sustainability, global, and technological challenges, I will focus on their technological failures which greatly attributed to their catastrophic downfall. Nokia was once one of the worlds’ leading mobile-phone producers. However, in 2012, they failed to adjust their strategy to comply with the new ways people used their phones. By looking through Nokia’s long-running history, it comes as a shock to some as to how disastrous and despairing their situation has become. Nokia started as a riverside paper mill in south-western Finland in the year 1865. It then evolved to produce rubber products such as rubber boots and tires. It was not until 1912 that Nokia began its cable and electronics business. Nokia’s first electronic device was a pulse analyzer for use in nuclear power plants, produced in 1962. The company’s first endeavour into telecommunications was made in 1963 when it developed radio telephones for military and emergency services. Nokia’s hugely successful period began in the 1979, beginning with the creation of a radio telephone company, and launching the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service, the â€Å"world’s first international cellular network†¦to allow international roaming (Nokia. com). In 1987, Nokia introduced its first handheld phone for NMT Networks and became a classic. The Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications was also implemented as the European standard for digital mobile technology. International roaming, text messaging, and high-quality voice calls were all easily available on GSM, providing Nokia with a starting point for further innovation. Nokia manufactured its first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, in 1992. In the same year, new Nokia President and CEO Jorma Ollila made a crucial and game-changing decision to solely focus on mobile-phone manufacturing. In 1994, Nokia began producing the 2100 series of mobile phones and by 1998, it is the world leader in mobile phones; the company’s strategic decision to focus solely on telecommunications definitely paid off. Innovation and continued success did not end there; in 1999, Nokia launched the Nokia 7110, a phone equipped with web-based capabilities such as email and web browsing, the first of its kind. They also produced a phone that included a built in camera and video capture in the early 2000s. However, Nokia’s biggest success was in 2002, when the introduction of 3G technologies allowed them to create phones with a wide range of functions including downloading music, watching TV on the go, and so much more. In 2005, due its huge success and impact on the mobile technology industry, Nokia was named the 5th most valuable brand internationally. Things began to take a turn for the worst in 2010 when Nokia met its competitors, namely Apple and Android-based devices. The smartphone era was surging in popularity leaving Nokia behind with its â€Å"candy-bar style† phones and outdated operating system. This downfall for this once highly successful company called for some serious changes, including the assigning of new President and CEO, Stephen Elop, a former head of Microsoft’s business division. Elop has â€Å"a strong software background and proven record change management (Nokia. com). † It may come as no surprise then that Nokia announces its partnership with Microsoft; Nokia mobile phones will be adopting the Windows 7 operating system in order to compete with the Apple iOS and Android. Nokia launched its first Windows phone in 2011. Since the introduction of Apple and Android devices, Nokia’s economic state has never been the same; and it is quite difficult to say whether they will ever reach that same success in the future again. There are several reasons that can be credited to Nokia’s downward spiral. Firstly, Nokia failed to respond to the changing consumer trend in technology; while consumers were moving on to smartphones with newer, faster operating systems within the likes of Apple and Samsung, Nokia’s Symbian operating platform remained the same and struggled to compete with these new â€Å"pocket-sized mini-computers. In summary, Nokia did not react quickly enough to changing consumer demand, and therefore, were aggressively crushed by the competition in terms of capturing market share. Their late response with the introduction of the Windows phone did not occur until 2011, while Apple and Samsung have been continuously improving their devices and operating systems since 2007. With technology improving so quickly nowadays, four years is a long period for Nokia to, with any luck, catch up. The integration of Microsoft’s Windows 7 as Nokia’s mobile operating system has yet to reap rewards for the organization either. This may be due to the fact that Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android platforms have gained popularity since their early introduction and remain the leaders of mobile operating systems. Another problem that Nokia encountered is due to its late strategic change; many people associate its classic ‘candy-bar style’, brick phone with outdated technology, just like cassette tape players, and VHS players. Today’s consumers are also very technologically savvy; they need to have the best and newest device as soon as they can get their hands on it. Nokia also did not market itself as an innovative brand as it stuck by its brick-style phone and operating system for almost a decade before considering any major changes. While Nokia and Microsoft are both huge and strong companies, they will have to go through some rough patches before, and if, they can reach success again. As of now, they are in a financial struggle, cutting many jobs and other financial expenditures. Nokia is indeed focusing on attempting to reinvent the company, and to, hopefully, bring it back to where it once was: a leader in mobile technology. While there are many opinions floating around the media, it is hard to say what will happen to Nokia in the near future. While they have not done anything drastic, such as file for bankruptcy, they are going through some major, rough changes right now, including cutting thousands of jobs worldwide, and the closure of several factories. In 2012, Nokia announced their plans to cut 10,000 jobs internationally by the end of 2013 as well as the closure of research and development facilities in Finland, Germany, and Canada as stock prices continue to fall. Nokia’s market value today is below $10 billion. At the end of 2013, it is estimated that about 25,000 employees will be laid off at Nokia; this number of job cuts totals to about 36% of Nokia’s workforce. Things continue to look dim for this organization as Moody’s Investor Services downgraded Nokia’s rating to ‘junk’, further proving its dire state. Nokia’s human resource management did not play a part in its recent downfall as it was due to a technological failure, not a human resource issue. Nokia was a large, multinational company for quite some time, and its long-run success proves that their human resources teams are nothing short of competent, effective, and diligent. The goal of their human resources management is to satisfy their customers, motivate employees, and increase the dexterity and flexibility of management to address specific HR needs. Nokia’s HR team is also responsible for creating customer satisfaction through the manufacture and delivery of products and services in order to fulfill customer needs. They were able to do this by providing leading and innovative technology, in the past, to a wide range of clients around the world. Nokia’s intangible services, such as telephone helplines, are available 365 days a year, exemplifying dedicated and excellent customer service. Nokia also treats its employees very well. This organization works together with its employees in order to create a healthy, efficient, and successful environment so everyone can achieve their full potential. Encouragement, motivation, and keeping employees happy are vital for Nokia to perform productively. Because Nokia is a goods manufacturer, the free flow and exchange of ideas among employees at any level is strongly encouraged. In order to encourage and motivate employees, Nokia has compensation plan consisting of an annual base salary and bonuses. Short-term incentives for both individual and group projects also exist. Overtime pay and call-out pay are also implemented, and employees are able to purchase stock or performance shares. Finally, employee health and pension benefits are compensated to Nokia’s employees to form a healthy and productive work environment. While the HR strategy and structure at Nokia seem sustainable, some may argue that Nokia’s current and most recent President and CEO, Stephen Elop, has contributed to its present dismal state. Before working for Nokia, Elop worked for Microsoft from 2008 to 2010, and was responsible for Microsoft Office products as a member of the organization’s senior leadership team. The controversy surrounding Elop when he first joined Nokia was the release of his internal company memo titled â€Å"Burning Platform† which was immediately leaked to the media. The memo compared Nokia’s current situation, failing within the flourishing smartphone industry, to a person on a burning oil platform. The reception received from the media was mixed, some stating that Nokia needed that harsh wake-up call to make some drastic changes in strategy, while others called it â€Å"the costliest management memo ever written (Ahonen, 2011),† believing he should be fired due to Nokia’s severe and rapid disasters since his arrival. In 2011, Elop made the decision for Nokia to discontinue their in-house mobile operating systems and replace it with Microsoft’s Windows Phone operating system. The plan was to be carried out gradually in the next few years, with Elop expecting a full discontinuation of the previous Symbian platform by 2016. Technology writers have criticised Elop for this decision by stating that it was done in bad timing and with a lack of communication; later, Elop himself admitted to the damaging effects of his Burning Platform memo. Ahonen has also stated that, because of this memo and Elop’s lack of communication to Nokia employees, the organization â€Å"is doing the most rapid death in the shortest period of time ever, for a global market leader Fortune 500 company. So what’s next for Nokia? Throughout all the journals, newspaper articles, blogs, and interviews, it is quite obvious what the main message for Nokia is: do something, and fast. While it is apparent that Nokia faces all three challenges of sustainability, technology, and global endurance, technology is and will remain to be their biggest challenge. Unless Nokia succeeds thr ough technology, being a mobile phone manufacturer, they will not be able to overcome or accomplish the other two challenges of global endurance and sustainability. It is quite unfortunate that Nokia, once a world leader in its field, failed to meet the technology challenge of keeping up with the current, fast-moving trends of technology and consumers. Nokia’s slow reaction to the shifting trends and the reactions they have made to support themselves have negatively impacted the company’s current economic state, as well as the state of their human resources. Elop’s poor strategic decisions in the hopes of saving Nokia have yet to bear fruit; instead, Nokia has been forced to cut thousands of jobs, and close some of their facilities worldwide. While these decisions are crucial for Nokia’s short-term survival, serious changes need to be implemented to obtain long-term sustainability, besides partnering with Microsoft. Nokia is a huge, well-known company, and its brand is something everyone knows of; their challenge is to change the way people think about and look at the company: not as an old, obsolete form of mobile technology, but a new, state-of-the-art organization that can adjust to the ever-changing technological tendencies. Elop still has some time to redeem himself as the President and CEO of Nokia, but unless he makes some rastic, positive changes to Nokia, other forms of recovery should be considered. One suggestion for Nokia would be to change its operating system from Microsoft’s Windows Phone to Google’s Android. One of Nokia’s mistakes leading to failure was making the unpopular choice of using Windows as its operating system; they should have realized that choosing Android as their platform would have reaped huge benefits for them as its surging popularity and success have made brands such as Samsung and LG skyrocket to economic prosperity. Technology experts, such as one engineering executive has even stated that they â€Å"don’t understand why Nokia couldn’t develop Android phones—even in parallel with Microsoft’s Windows phones. † Choosing Windows instead of Android as their new operating system is a huge opportunity Nokia definitely missed out on. Another recommendation would be to sell the company to a successful brand, such as Samsung, who has now redeemed themselves to become Apple’s leading, and closest rival. By putting themselves under Samsung’s wing, Nokia will gain Samsung’s competitive advantage of being a visionary and innovator, and a fast mover in capturing modern technological trends. While it is never an easy task to admit defeat, selling Nokia to a prosperous company just may be what this organization needs to save itself from further fiascos. A merger with a strong, competitive company, with massive market share and organizational resources may just be what Nokia needs to bring itself back up to what it used to be: an innovative, mobile communications giant with shareholder value, technological advancement, and worldwide success.

Practice Of The Motivational Interviewing Approach Social Work Essay

Practice Of The Motivational Interviewing Approach Social Work Essay Critically analyse your practice of the Motivational Interviewing approach with specific reference to your classroom learning and work placement On reflection I have learnt a great deal about the MI approach, putting the classroom learning into practice, then reviewing my performance on the DVD has been a fundamental part of my learning process. Although being familiar with many of the techniques, which are similar to skills I already possess, the actual approach was new to me. In brief MI allows a normally client lead Person Centred Approach to have direction by allowing clients to recognise their ambivalence acknowledging that change is possible and cultivating their innate forces to make necessary changes that are acceptable to them. I have recognised that for myself Im going to need to practice, review and hone my techniques awareness with implementing this model. It is emphasised with MI that the spirit of the approach is conceivably more important than techniques used . I feel the only real way to describe this phenomena is to acknowledge that the spirit would be how the therapist presents themselves the way that he/she utilises the techniques. With MI it is the clients responsibility to resolve their ambivalence finding intrinsic motivation to change problematic behaviours, not the therapists to impose or suggest change. The counselling approach is generally a soft, quiet eliciting style, which places importance on the working relationship being a partnership. The extreme contrast to MI would be confrontational approaches, which may attempt to break a clients denial through authoritative derogatory shaming approaches stripping away individuals defences and rebuilding their identities with societies or groups philosophies . The therapeutic approach of a pure Person Centred counselling model essentially relies upon the three core conditions of Congruence, Empathy and Unconditional Positive regard these conditions contribute to the presence of the Counsellor influencing the relationship formed with the client. With addiction treatment settings where time constraints are prevalent Motivational Interviewing can allow more structure direction being applied to the normally client lead Person Centred Approach. By developing discrepancy between client beliefs and problematic behaviours direction can be achieved. According to   when discrepancy becomes large enough and change seems important, a search for possible methods for change is initiated (p. 11). I have already integrated some use of MI into my practice however, Im aware at times my agencies policies and procedures are in conflict with the MI spirit. Recently, I have had to check my own incentives in using MI, making sure Im not implementing it as a form of manipulation to move clients into adherence with agencies policies, which would blemish the spirit of the MI approach. The compatibility of the MI approach in my place of work is questionable in some areas. Our treatment modality is a 12 step abstinent based approach, which immediately arises two conflicts with the MI spirit. Firstly, not all clients may wish total abstinence and those who do may wish to achieve it in some way that is not 12 step orientated. It is agency policy that all clients attend 12 step fellowship meetings every evening during their treatment duration. In our treatment setting the MI approach has proven to be useful in several areas when clients initially arrive in treatment anxiety levels are high if not addressed can lead to dropout. Application of MI here can help the client focus on the influencing factors that motivated them to contemplate treatment in the first place. In addition, MI is acknowledged a beneficial approach to use with angry clients especially the principals of rolling with resistance and the expression of empathy . Although the clients have attended our treatment facility for a variety of reasons, it is difficult to place them all in one bracket concerning the stages of change model. Taking into account their alcohol / drug use the vast majority would be in either contemplation or active change. Some clients may display signs of resistance to change around other areas of their life which may include being in a relationship with a partner who is still active in addictive behaviour. Many clients also have difficulty with assertiveness, which is going to be necessary to develop for them to help maintain addiction free lifestyles. It is a process of change for clients conversely many of these distinct essentials are met with varying degrees of resistance by individual clients. The first example Im going to use is a male client of 42 years of age who has been dependent upon substances for twenty years. He displays high levels of interest in the abstinent approach registering high using a Likert assessment tool to gauge his Willingness, Ability Readiness regarding an abstinent way of life. With reference to his substance use, I would assess him to be in the action stage of Prochaska and DiCliemente The stages of change (see appendix A). He has a partner who still is a substance user; he displays high levels of resistance to changing this area of his life and feels that he will be able to change her view on substance taking once he returns home after the completion of his treatment. I have been affirming the client consistently with the changes he has made to his behaviour whilst in treatment and with permission from him, pointing how his changes are in line with the 12 step abstinent based approach. What Im trying to achieve is too reinforce his belief in himself about this particular approach. By doing this I feel that there are inconsistencies further developing between his two cognitions I want to remain substance free, yet I want to go home to my partner who is a substance user. As he is now beginning to question his own thinking, I can see that the cognitive dissonance is beginning to have an effect Im hoping he will seek to alter the risky dissonant cognition by remaining in Bournemouth to attend aftercare. A client we recently had at our facility who presented for cannabis use, and admitted his main motivation for being in treatment was to avoid going to prison displayed resistant behaviours towards the treatment modality. His resistance would manifest in ways of walking out of group therapy, getting up and walking around whilst clients were presenting personal assignments generally showing no respect for what other clients were trying to achieve. The application of MI in this instance was quite difficult as a direct approach in line with agency policy and procedures needed to take place first. We had tried on several occasions not to take too much notice of the unacceptable behaviours he presented which could be considered rolling with resistance, however eventually had to enforce an ultimatum. In circumstances like this I found it very difficult almost impossible to remain in a totally pure orientated spirit of MI. To say that I have mastered the concepts principles of MI would be a significant over estimation. I have furthered my knowledge of the contributing elements of MI which included the stages of change model, the techniques used to work with ambivalence resistance. Most importantly, I have learnt above all else MI is about allowing the client to be the expert and for me to be mindful of the type of language that I use. The spirit of MI I have no real problem with other than perhaps on occasions avoiding the expert trap generally I do present myself within the spirit of this model. The application of this particular model Im using at work in a tentative way, in other words Im applying it in certain situations where perhaps I feel confident to use it. An example of this would be, when clients seem to be making rash decisions to leave treatment or are displaying ambivalence about an abstinent approach. After reviewing the DVD it is clear to me that I lack confidence in the application of the MI approach. I do however feel though that practice and reviewing my practice can only help with me developing my implementation of this approach. I feel that I need to be more mindful of the language I use whilst working with clients. As it became apparent to me whilst reviewing the DVD that I can without realising fall into traps. An example of this would be at the end of the session I asked my client if I could give him something to take away. On reflection, I could have asked him how he felt he could assess his decision on getting a shed. My future development is going to involve applying reviewing my practice, what I have started to look for at my work setting in my own practice and that of my work colleagues is to identify what clearly is not MI. Some observations I have acknowledged not only with this approach are the ethical conflicts that can arise between benevolence autonomy . On reflection, the example I used earlier on in this assignment with a male client whose partner remains in active addiction. His autonomy was to return home after treatment completion my interest or benevolence is with the safety of the client. As a professional, I know it would be risky for him to return home to someone who remains actively taking illicit drugs. The question is do I then use MI as a way to manipulate the client? My answer is yes of course I do. Questionably is this really in the pure spirit of the approach? Appendix A The Stages of Change Intervention process using the Stages of Change model Source; Adapted from the work of Prochaska and DiCliemente